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chalkbrood_spore
Chalkbrood mummies removed from cells. The mummies in the top row are producing many spores, which make the mummie totally black. This stage is now contagious. The mummies in the bottom row are nto...
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chalkbrood_out
Chalkbrood mummies removed from cells. The two on the top are producing spores, while the three below are at a slightly earlier stage. Photo by Prof. M.V. Smith, University of Guelph. Chalkbrood...
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chalkbrood_cell
Chalkbrood, whereby the larvae becomes mouldy with white hyphae (vegetative body of fungi), then hardened to be similar to pieces of white chalk (hence the name). Caused by a fungus (Ascosphaera...
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sacbrood_side
Side view of dead larva killed by sacbrood virus. Notice the discoloration and hardening of cutiles near the head. Photo by Prof. M.V. Smith, University of Guelph. Side view of dead larva killed by...
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sacbrood_out
The sabrood killed larva (actually a prepupa) removed from the cell. Photo by Prof. M.V. Smith, University of Guelph. The sabrood killed larva (actually a prepupa) removed from the cell. Photo by...
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sacbrood_opened
The heads of larvae killed by sacbrood virus, with the cell capping removed. Photo by Prof. M.V. Smith, University of Guelph. The heads of larvae killed by sacbrood virus, with the cell capping...
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sacbrood_close
A closeup of the head of sacbrood virus killed larva. Photo by Prof. M.V. Smith, University of Guelph. A closeup of the head of sacbrood virus killed larva. Photo by Prof. M.V. Smith, University of...
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sacbrood
Sacbrood is caused by a bee virus (Morator aetotulas). Larvae die right before or shortly after the cells are capped. Here is a dead larva right before the cell is fully capped. Photo by Prof. M.V....
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DSCN0201
Spore stage of Nosema apis, the protozoan that causes Nosema disease in honey bees. Magnified about 400 times, on a hemocytometer which has small squares to quantify the spores. Photo by Yuchuan Qin....
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EFB_scale
"Scale" formed by a dead larva which was killed by EFB. Dead larva killed by EFB usually does not form a "rope" when strirred and then drawn with a small stick (toothpick or match stick). Photo by...
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EFB_larvae
Photo showing larvae infected with Europeal foulbrood, when removed from the cells. Caused by a baterium Melissococcus pluton (formerly Streptococcus pluton). Photo by M.V. Smith, University of...
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EFB_larvae_cell
Larvae showing typical Europeal foulbrood (EFB) symptoms. These larvae die earlier than those of AFB, while the larvae are still coiled (AFB larvae die in straight, upright position.) and show yellow...
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AFB_control
Fire is still the best way to control AFB. In New Zealand where any colony with visible AFB symptoms is burned, the recurring rate is about 2% colonies each year. When burning, dig a hole about 1-2 ft...
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AFB_false_tongue_side
The dead larva now dehydrates, soon will become a "scale" which is completely dried, difficult for bees to remove, and contains millions of spores which remain infective for many years (up to a...
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AFB_ropiness
The goo left by AFB killed larva can be drawn to form a "rope". This is commonly called a ropiness test. EFB killed larva does not form rope easily. The goo left by AFB killed larva can be drawn to...
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AFB_false_tongue
The false tongue viewed normally from the cell opening. The false tongue viewed normally from the cell opening.
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AFB_false_tongue2
A dead larva killed by AFB usually forms a "false tougue", with tougue pointing upward. A dead larva killed by AFB usually forms a "false tougue", with tougue pointing upward.
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AFB_deadlarva
A late stage larva killed by AFB. The larva has been capped, becomes standing (instead of coiled flat on the cell bottom), then died. This is in contrast with EFB infected larvae which usually die at...
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AFB_holycap
On close inspection, AFB killed capped brood would have many small holes on the cap. The cappings are also "sunken" and not perfectly flat as normal healthy cappings. On close inspection, AFB killed...
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foulbrood
Spotty brood usually means the queen is old or there is brood disease. Sunken brood capping with holes suggest most likely American Foulbrood, which can be a serious disease if left to develop. In...
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